On this date, 13 May 1963, the
Ratlines Bishop, Alois Hudal passed away. We, the comrades of Unit 1012: The
VFFDP, view him as a horrible person that helped Nazi War Criminals escaped to
South America and we see him no morally different from the ACLU Demons. We will post information about him
from Wikipedia and other links.
The Most Reverend
Alois Hudal |
|||
Titular Bishop of Aela
|
|||
|
|||
Church
|
|||
Installed
|
1933
|
||
Term ended
|
1963
|
||
Predecessor
|
Charles-Marie-Félix
de Gorostarzu
|
||
Successor
|
|||
Other posts
|
Rector
of Collegio Teutonico
(1923-1952)
|
||
Orders
|
|||
Ordination
|
July
1908
|
||
Consecration
|
June
1933
by Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) |
||
Personal details
|
|||
Born
|
31 May
1885
Graz, Austria-Hungary |
||
Died
|
13 May
1963 (aged 77)
|
||
Alois Hudal (also known as Luigi
Hudal; 31 May 1885 – 13 May 1963) was an Austrian titular
bishop in the Roman Catholic church, based in Rome. For
thirty years, he was the head of the Austrian-German congregation of Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome and, until
1937, an influential representative of the Austrian Catholic Church.
In his 1937 book, The Foundations
of National Socialism, Hudal praised Adolf Hitler and his policies and
indirectly attacked Vatican policies. After World War II, Hudal helped establish
the ratlines, which allowed prominent Nazi
German and other European former Axis officers and political leaders,
among them accused war criminals, to escape Allied trials and denazification.
 |
|
Alois Hudal
|
Biography
Education
Alois Hudal was born on 31 May 1885,
the son of a shoemaker in the Austrian
city of Graz, where
he studied theology from 1904 through 1908. He was ordained
to the priesthood
in July 1908. A professorship promised to him at the University of Vienna did not materialize.
Hudal became a noted specialist on the
liturgy, doctrine and spirituality of the Slavic-speaking Eastern Orthodox Churches while a parish
priest in Kindberg.
In 1911, he earned a Doctor of Sacred Theology at the University of Graz. After completing his
doctorate, he entered the Teutonic College of Santa
Maria dell'Anima in Rome where he was a chaplain (1911–1913), attending
courses in Old Testament at the Pontifical Biblical Institute. He
took his Doctor of Sacred Scripture degree with a dissertation on Die
religioesen und sittlichen Ideen des Spruchbuches ("The Religious and
Moral Ideas of the Book of Proverbs"), published in 1914. He joined the
faculty for Old Testament Studies at the University of Graz in 1914. During the First
World War, he was a military chaplain. In 1917, he published a book of
sermons to the soldiers, Soldatenpredigten, in which he expressed the
idea that "loyalty to the flag is loyalty to God", though also
warning against "national chauvinism".
In 1923, he was named rector of the Collegio Teutonico di
Santa Maria dell'Anima (or simply "Anima") in Rome, a theological
seminary for German and Austrian priests. In 1930, he was appointed a
consultant to the Holy Office by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, whom Hudal considered a
"grand seigneur of the Church".
Austria or
Germany?
Austrian diplomat Ludwig
von Pastor introduced Hudal to Pope
Pius XI in 1922, and recommended a publication by Hudal on the Serbo-Croatian
National Church to the interested Pontiff. On 5 February 1923 he
recommended Hudal for the position in the Anima, mainly because he was Austrian.
Ambassador von Pastor was concerned that Austria, which had just lost World War
I and with it much influence, would lose the Anima to a German, Dutch or
Belgian
candidate. The Pope agreed to name Hudal (in a private audience with Pastor on
24 February 1923).
Hudal became the Austrian front
line for Austria, the Austrian bishops' conference, and Austrian prestige
in the Vatican, as German groups attempted to regain the Anima. Pope Pius XI
supported Hudal, while simultaneously rejecting an Austrian request to
subordinate German pastoral care to the Austrian Hudal.
In 1924, Hudal, in a Vatican ceremony
in the presence of Pope Pius XI, Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro
Gasparri and numerous cardinals, delivered a commendatory address
of Pastor, commemorating the 40th anniversary of
Pastor's History of the Popes From the Close of the Middle Ages. Thus
Hudal was established within the Vatican as the leading Austrian Church
representative, a position which he enjoyed until the publication of his
controversial book on Nazism.
In June 1933, Hudal was ordained Titular
Bishop of Aela by Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, who had succeeded Merry del
Val as the cardinal protector of the German national church at Rome.
In April 1938, Hudal helped organise a
vote of German and Austrian clerics at the German college of Santa Maria
dell'Anima, over the question of the German annexation of Austria ("Anschluss").
The vote took place on the German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer, anchored in
the Italian harbour of Gaeta. Contrary to the overall German result, these votes
rejected the Anschluss with over 90%, an incident named the "Shame of
Gaeta" (Italian: Vergogna di Gaeta; German: Schande von Gaeta)
at the time.
Winds of
nationalism and conspiracies
From 1933 on, Hudal publicly embraced
the pan-Germanic nationalism he had previously condemned, proclaiming that he
wished to be a "servant and herald" of "the total German
cause".
His invective against Jews became more
frequent, linking the so-called "Semitic race" - which allegedly
"sought to set itself apart and dominate" - with the nefarious
movements of democracy and internationalism and even denouncing an
alleged Jewish bankers' conspiracy to become "the financial masters of the
Eternal City".
His opportunism and duplicity were patent in several moves he made at the time;
for example, he wrote a preface to an Italian biography of Engelbert Dollfuss in 1935 without mentioning
that the Austrian politician had been murdered by Austrian Nazis during a coup
attempt in the previous year.
Bolshevism
and Liberalism as enemies
Hudal was a committed anti-Communist,
and also opposed Liberalism. Before Nazism, he was already critical of
Parliamentary governance. His ideas were similar to the political and economic
ideas of such fascist politicians as Dollfuss and Kurt
Schuschnigg (Austria), Franz
von Papen (Germany), Salazar (Portugal), and, less clearly,
of Benito Mussolini (Italy). According to an author,
"Hudal squarely fitted into a formula current at the time, the category of
Clerical-Fascism."
Don Luigi Sturzo, the exiled Italian Catholic priest and Christian Democrat leader coined the term
'Clerical-Fascism' in the mid-20s to refer specifically to the faction of the
Catholic party Italian People's Party (Partito
Popolare Italiano-PPI) who chose to support Mussolini. It was used afterwards
to describe various authoritarian situations and regimes supported by members
of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, including Dollfuss's
politics and Austrofascism.
Hudal was most concerned with the rise
of the international Communist movement and worker parties in Austria. Fear of
"Bolshevism"
was his starting point, but this feeling turned into an aggressive political
doctrine towards Russia: "Essential to understanding Hudal's politics is
his fear that Bolshevist military forces would invade Italy through Eastern
Europe or the Balkans and would be unstoppable until they destroyed the Church.
Like many within the Church, he embraced the bulwark theory, which placed hope
in a strong German-Austrian military shield to protect Rome. This protection
involved a pre-emptive attack on communism, Hudal believed, and so he felt an
urgent need for a Christian army from Central Europe to invade Russia and
eliminate the Bolshevist threat to Rome".
However, Communism was not his sole
concern about Russia. He was concerned with Eastern Christianity as well. Hudal's
long-term goals were "the reunification of Rome with the Eastern Orthodox
Church and the conversion of the Balkans from the Serbian Orthodox Church to
Catholicism". He expected that the invasion of the Soviet Union by
European forces would serve these aims. Since Pope
Benedict XV and the Russian Revolution of 1917, which
crushed the Russian Orthodox Church and was regarded by Catholics as a
historical opportunity to help Russian Christians with aid "and
conversion", Rome was anxious about ending the thousand-year East-West
Schism that separated Christianity.
"Good"
and "bad" National Socialism
Hudal is said to have received a
Golden Nazi
Party membership badge, but this is disputed. In 1937, in Vienna, Hudal
published a book entitled The Foundations of National Socialism, with an
imprimatur from Archbishop Innitzer, which was an enthusiastic
endorsement of Hitler. Hudal sent Hitler a copy with a handwritten dedication
praising him as "the new Siegfried of Germany's greatness".
The book was not allowed to circulate
in Germany by the Nazis although not officially banned. During the Nuremberg
trials, Franz von Papen declared that Hudal's book had "very much
impressed" Hitler, whose "anti-Christian advisers" were
allegedly to blame for not allowing a free German edition. "All I could
obtain was permission to print 2,000 copies, which Hitler wanted to distribute
among leading Party members for a study of the problem", von Papen
claimed.
Hudal was critical of the works of
several Nazi ideologues, like Alfred Rosenberg
or Ernst Bergmann, who despised
Christianity and considered it "alien to Germanic genius". The
condemnation by the Holy Office of Rosenberg's The Myth of the Twentieth Century
in 1934 and, shortly thereafter, of Bergmann's The German National Church
had been based on Hudal's assessment of both works.
In his own 1937 book, Hudal proposed a
reconciliation and a pragmatic compromise between Nazism and Christianity,
leaving the education of youth to the Churches, while the latter would leave
politics entirely to National Socialism. This had been the line followed by
German Catholic politician and former Reich Chancellor Franz
von Papen. In the autumn of 1934, Hudal had personally explained this
strategy to Pius XI: the "good" ought to be separated from the
"bad" in National Socialism. The bad - Rosenberg,
Bergmann, Himmler and others - according to Hudal represented the "left
wing" of the Nazi party. The Nazi "conservatives", headed, he
believed, by Hitler, should be directed toward Rome, Christianized and used
against the Communists and the Eastern danger. Hitler's book, Mein Kampf was never put on the Index by Rome, as censors continually
postponed and eventually terminated its examination, balking at taking on the
chancellor of Germany.
By 1935, Hudal had become influential
in creating a proposed list of "errors and heresies" of the
"era", containing several racist errors of
Nazi politicians, the Nuremberg laws, but also condemning several quotes
directly taken from Mein Kampf; this list was accepted by Pope
Pius XI as an adequate condemnation, but he wanted an encyclical rather
than a mere syllabus. Three years later, in June 1938, the Pope ordered
American Jesuit John La Farge to prepare an encyclical condemning antisemitism,
racism and the persecution of Jews, which he did together with
fellow Jesuits t Gustav Gundlach (Germany) and Gustave Desbuquois (France),
resulting in a draft for an encyclical which was on Pius
XI's desk when he died, but was never promulgated by Pius XII.
Rosenberg's reaction to Hudal's ideas
was violent, and the circulation of the Foundations of National Socialism
was restricted in Germany. "We do not allow the fundaments of the Movement
to be analyzed and criticized by a Roman Bishop", said Rosenberg. In 1935,
even before he wrote the Foundations of National Socialism Hudal had
said about Rosenberg: "If National Socialism wants to replace Christianity
by the notions of race and blood, we will have to face the greatest heresy of
the twentieth century. It must be rejected by the Church as decisively as, if
not more severely than [...] the Action Française, with which it shares some
errors. But Rosenberg's doctrine is more imbued with negation and creates,
above all in the youth, a hatred against Christianity greater than that of Nietzsche".
Despite the restrictions imposed on
his book, and despite National Socialist restrictions against German monasteries
and parishes,
and attempts by the Nazi government to forbid Catholic education at schools,
going as far as banning the crucifix in schools and other public areas (the Oldenburg
crucifix struggle of November 1936), and despite the Nazi dissolution and
confiscation of Austrian monasteries and the official banning of Catholic
newspapers and associations in Austria ("Ostmark"), Hudal remained close to some Nazi
officials, as he was convinced that the Nazi new order would nevertheless
prevail in Europe due to its "force".
Hudal was particularly close to von
Papen, who as the Reich's ambassador in Vienna prepared the German-Austrian
agreement of 11 July 1936, which some claim paved the way for the Anschluss.
This agreement was backed by Hudal in the Austrian press, against the position
of several Austrian Bishops. The former Centre politician von Papen, who was
considered dangerous and disliked by the Nazis for his Catholicism, was later
sent to the German Embassy in Ankara.
Vatican
reaction
When, in 1937, Hudal published his
book on the foundations of National Socialism Church authorities were upset
because of his deviation from Church policy and teachings. Hudal, without
mentioning names, had openly questioned the Vatican policy of Pope
Pius XI and Eugenio Pacelli towards National Socialism, which
culminated in the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge, in which the Vatican
openly attacked National Socialism. The 1937 Hudal book froze his steady rise
in Rome and resulted in his leaving the city after the war. His publication
like his two previous, Rom, Christentum und deutsches Volk (1935) and Deutsches
Volk und christliches Abendland (1935) did not have an Imprimatur
or ecclasiastical approval, which was another reason for the cooling of
relations with the Vatican. Hudal had proposed a "truly Christian National
Socialism": education and church affairs would be controlled by the
Church, while political discourse would remain exclusively National Socialist.
The Nazis had no intention of giving
up education to the Church. Together - according to Hudal - Church and state in
Germany would fight against Communism. Hudal saw a direct link between Jews and
Marxism, lamenting their alleged dominance in academic occupations, and
supporting segregation legislation against Jews in order to
protect against foreign influence.
Break with
the Vatican
Hudal, previously a popular and
influential guest in the Vatican, lived from 1938 on in isolation in the Anima
College. This position he was forced to resign in 1952. Hudal's 1933 promotion
to Bishop has been cited as evidence that he had close ties to members of the Roman
Curia, particularly Cardinal Merry del Val (who died in 1930), and Cardinal
Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pius XII, who had been Papal
Nuncio in Germany. His close relationship with Pacelli and Pius XI stopped
immediately after the publication of his book in 1937, which was seen as
contradicting Mit brennender Sorge and the 1933 Reichskonkordat.
Hudal during
World War II
Hudal's exile within Rome continued
during World War II. He continued as pastoral head of the Anima Church and
College but had no position in the Vatican and no access to Pope Pius XII or
his senior staff. The French Jesuit historian, Fr. Pierre Blet, co-editor of Acts
and Documents, mentioned Hudal only once, stating that the pope's nephew
Carlo Pacelli saw Hudal and after this meeting, Hudal wrote to the military
governor of Rome, General Stahel, and urged him to suspend all actions against
Jews. The Germans suspended the actions "out of the consideration for the
special character of Rome".
According to another author, however,
the idea of Hudal's intervention came from the German ambassador himself, who
asked the rector of the Anima to sign a letter to the military commander of
Rome, General Reiner Stahel, requesting that the arrests be halted,
otherwise the pope would take a position in public against the arrests and the
German occupiers. Ambassador Weizsäcker argued that he had chosen this ruse
because Hitler might have reacted against the Vatican and the Pope if it had
been the German embassy conveying the warning, instead of the Nazi-friendly
bishop.
During the war Hudal sheltered victims
of the Nazis at Santa Maria dell'Anima, used by the Resistance. Brigadier
general John Burns, a New Zealander, gave a description of it when recalling
his escape from an Italian POW-camp in 1944.
According to several sources, Hudal
may have been a Vatican-based informer to German intelligence under the Nazi
regime, either the Abwehr
of Wilhelm Canaris or the RSHA. Vatican
historian Fr. Robert Graham SJ held that view more in his book Nothing
Sacred. Several other authors mention his contacts in Rome with SS
intelligence chief Walter Rauff. In September 1943, Rauff was sent to Milan, where he took
charge of all Gestapo and SD
operations throughout northwest Italy. Hudal is said to have met Rauff then and
to have begun some cooperation with him that was useful afterwards in the
setting up of an escape network for Nazis, including for Rauff himself. After
the war Rauff escaped from a prisoner camp in Rimini and
"hid in a number of Italian convents, apparently under the protection of
Bishop Alois Hudal", eventually finding safe haven in Syria, Egypt, and later in Chile.
 |
|
Adolf Eichmann pictured at his trial in
Israel, and Bishop Alois Hudal
|
Ratline
organizer
After 1945, Hudal continued to be
isolated from the Vatican. In his native Austria, his pro-Nazi book was now
openly discussed and critiqued. In 1945, Allied-occupied Austria forced Hudal to
give up his Graz
professorship; however Hudal appealed on a technicality and regained it two
years later.
After 1945, Hudal gained notoriety by
working on the ratlines, helping former Nazis
and Ustasha families to find safe haven in
overseas countries. He viewed it as "a charity to people in dire need, for
persons without any guilt who are to be made scapegoats for the failures of an
evil system." He used the services of the Austrian Office (Österreichisches
Bureau) in Rome, which had the necessary cards ("Carta di riconoscimento"),
for migration mainly to Arab and South American countries.
It is unclear whether he was an
official appointee of the Papal refugee organization Pontificia Obra de Asistencia
(POA) ('Pontifical Work of Assistance') or whether he acted as de facto
head of the Catholic Austrian community in Rome. He is credited with helping,
networking and organising the escape of war criminals such as Franz Stangl, commanding officer of Treblinka.
Stangl told Gitta Sereny that he went looking for Hudal in Rome as
he had heard that the bishop was helping all Germans. Hudal arranged quarters
in Rome for him until his "Carta di riconoscimento" came through,
then gave him money and a visa to Syria. Stangl left for Damascus,
where the bishop found him a job in a textile factory.
Other prominent Nazi war criminals
allegedly helped by the Hudal network were SS
Captain Eduard Roschmann, known as the "Butcher of
Riga", Josef Mengele, the "Angel
of Death" at Auschwitz, Gustav Wagner, commanding officer of Sobibor, Alois
Brunner, organizer of deportations from France and Slovakia to German
concentration camps, and Adolf Eichmann, the man in charge of running the
murder of European Jewry.
In 1994 Erich
Priebke, a former SS Captain, told Italian journalist Emanuela Audisio, La
Repubblica, that Hudal helped him reach Buenos
Aires, verified by church historian Robert Graham, a Jesuit priest from the
United States. In 1945, Hudal gave refuge to Otto
Wächter.
From 1939 onward, as governor of the Cracow district,
Wächter organized the persecution of the Jews and ordered the establishment of
the Cracow
Ghetto in 1941. Wächter is mentioned as one of the leading advocates in the
General Government who were in favor of the
Jewish extermination by gassing and as a member of the SS team who under Himmler's supervision and Odilo Globocnik's direction planned Operation Reinhard, the first phase of the Final
Solution, leading to the death of more than 2,000,000 Polish Jews. After
the war, Wächter lived in a Roman monastery "as a monk", under
Hudal's protection. Wächter died on 14 July 1949 in the Santo Spirito hospital
in Rome.
While his official status was minor,
Hudal clearly played a role in the rat line. In 1999, Italian researcher Matteo
Sanfilippo revealed a letter drafted on 31 August 1948 by Bishop Hudal to Argentinian
President Juan Perón, requesting 5,000 visas, 3,000 for German and
2,000 for Austrian "soldiers". In the letter, Hudal explained that
these were not (Nazi) refugees, but anti-Communist fighters "whose wartime
sacrifice" had saved Europe from Soviet domination.
According to Argentine researcher Uki
Goñi, the documents he uncovered in 2003 show the Roman Catholic Church was
also deeply involved in the secret network. "The Perón government
authorized the arrival of the first Nazi collaborators [in Argentina], as a
result of a meeting in March 1946 between Antonio
Caggiano, a [newly elevated] Argentine cardinal, and Eugène Tisserant, a French cardinal attached to
the Vatican".
After the war, Hudal was one of the
main Catholic organizers of the ratline nets, along with Monsignor Karlo
Petranović, himself an Ustasha war criminal who fled to Austria and then to Italy
after 1945, [Note 1]
Father Edward Dömöter, the Franciscan of Hungarian origin who forged the
identity of Eichmann's
passport, issued by the Red Cross in the name of Riccardo Klement, and Father Krunoslav Draganović, a Croatian professor
of Theology.
Draganović, a smuggler of fascist and Ustasha war criminals
who had also been involved in pro-Fascist espionage, was recycled by the U.S.
during the Cold
War – his name appears in the Pentagon payrolls in the late 1950s and early
1960s – and was eventually granted immunity, ironically, in Tito's Yugoslavia, where he died
in 1983 at age 79. Monsignor Karl Bayer, Rome's Director of Caritas International after the war, also
cooperated with this ring. Interviewed in the 1970s by Gitta
Sereny, Bayer recalled how he and Hudal had helped Nazis to South
America with the Vatican's support: "The Pope [Pius XII] did provide
money for this; in driblets sometimes, but it did come". Hudal's ratline was supposedly financed by his friend
Walter Rauff, with some funds allegedly coming from Giuseppe
Siri, the recently appointed Auxiliary Bishop (1944) and Archbishop (1946)
of Genoa. Siri
was regarded as "a hero of the Resistance movement in Italy"
during the German occupation of northern Italy. Siri's involvement remains
unproven.
According to Uki Goñi,
"some of the financing for Hudal's escape network came from the United
States", precising that the Italian delegate of the American National
Catholic Welfare Conference provided Hudal "with substantial funds for his
'humanitarian' aid". Since the works of Graham and Blet were published,
historian Michael Phayer, a professor at Marquette University, has alleged the close
collaboration between the Vatican (Pope
Pius XII and Giovanni Battista Montini, then "Substitute" of the
Secretariat of State, and later Paul VI), on the one side and Draganović and Hudal on the
other, and has claimed that Pius XII himself was directly engaged in ratline
activity. Against these allegations of the direct involvement of Pope Pius XII
and his staff, there are some opposing testimonies and the denial by Vatican
officials of any involvement of Pius XII himself. But according to Phayer,
Bishop Aloisius Muench, an American
and Pius XII's own envoy to occupied western Germany after the war, "wrote
to the Vatican warning the pope to desist from his efforts to have convicted
war criminals excused". The letter, written in Italian, is extant in the
archives of Catholic University of America.
In his posthumously published memoirs,
Hudal instead recalls with bitterness the lack of support he found from the
Holy See to give to Nazi Germany's battle against "godless Bolshevism"
at the Eastern Front. Hudal several times in
this work claims to have received criticism of the Nazi system rather than
support for it from the Vatican diplomats under Pius XII. He assumed that the
Holy See's policy during and after the war was entirely controlled by the
western Allies. Until his death Hudal was convinced he had done the right
thing, and said that he considered saving German and other fascist officers and
politicians from the hands of Allied prosecution, a "just thing" and
"what should have been expected of a true Christian", adding:
"We do not believe in the eye for an eye of the Jew."
Hudal said the justice of the Allies
and the Soviets had resulted in show trials and lynchings, including the major
trials at Nuremberg. In his memoirs he developed a curious
theory about the economic causes of World War II, which allowed him to plainly
justify for himself his acts in favour of Nazi and Fascist war criminals:
"The Allies' War against Germany was not a crusade, but the rivalry of economic complexes for whose victory they had been fighting. This so-called business ... used catchwords like democracy, race, religious liberty and Christianity as a bait for the masses. All these experiences were the reason why I felt duty bound after 1945 to devote my whole charitable work mainly to former National Socialists and Fascists, especially to so-called 'war criminals'".
 |
|
A portrait of Alois Hudal
|
Resignation
and death
Hudal's activities caused a press
scandal in 1947, after he was accused of leading a Nazi smuggling ring by the Passauer
Neue Presse, a Catholic newspaper, but, as in 1923, playing the Austrian
versus the Vatican and German cards, he only resigned as rector of Santa Maria
dell'Anima in 1952, under joint pressure from the German and Austrian bishops
and the Holy
See. In January 1952, the Bishop of Salzburg told
Hudal that the Holy See wanted to dismiss him. In June Hudal announced to the
cardinal protector of Santa Maria dell'Anima that he had decided to leave the
College, though disapproving of the Church allegedly being governed by the
Allies. He resided afterwards in Grottaferrata,
near the city of Rome, where in 1962 he wrote his embittered memoirs called Römische
Tagebücher, Lebensbeichte eines alten Bischofs (Roman Diaries, Confessions of an Old
Bishop), published posthumously in 1976.
Until his death in 1963, he never gave
up in trying to obtain an amnesty for Nazis.[Note 2]
Despite his protests against anti-Semitism
in the 1930s, in his memoirs, with full knowledge of the Holocaust as of 1962,
the "Brown Bishop"[Note 3]
said of his actions in favour of war criminals and genocide perpetrators and
participants: "I thank God that He opened my eyes
and allowed me to visit and comfort many victims in their prisons and
concentration camps and [to help] them escape with false identity papers"
— however, the "victims" were Axis prisoners of war and their
"concentration camps" were Allied detention camps.
After he was banned from Rome by the
Vatican of Pope Pius, he withdrew to his sumptuous residence in Grottaferrata
near Rome, embittered towards Pius XII. He died in 1963. His diaries were
published in Austria thirteen years after his death and describe perceived
Vatican injustices he experienced under Pius XI and Pius XII after the
publication of his book. Hudal maintained the opinion that a Faustian bargain
between socialism, nationalism and Christianity is the way of the future.
Selected
works of Alois Hudal
- Soldatenpredigten (Graz, 1917) - Sermons to the Soldiers.
- Die serbisch-orthodoxe Nationalkirche (Graz, 1922) - The Serbian Orthodox National Church.
- Vom deutschen Schaffen in Rom. Predigten, Ansprachen und Vorträge, (Innsbruck, Vienna and München, 1933) - On the German Work in Rome. Sermons, Speeches and Lectures.
- Die deutsche Kulturarbeit in Italien (Münster, 1934) - The German Cultural Activity in Italy.
- Ecclesiae et nationi. Katholische Gedanken in einer Zeitenwende (Rome, 1934) - The Church and the Nations. Catholic Thoughts in the Turn of an Era.
- Rom, Christentum und deutsches Volk (Rome, 1935) - Rome, the Christendom and the German People.
- Deutsches Volk und christliches Abendland (Innsbruck, 1935) - The German People and the Christian Occident.
- Der Vatikan und die modernen Staaten (Innsbruck, 1935) - The Vatican and the Modern States.
- Das Rassenproblem (Lobnig, 1935) - The Race Problem.
- Die Grundlagen des Nationalsozialismus: Eine ideengeschichtliche Untersuchung (Leipzig and Vienna, 1936–37 and facsimile edition Bremen, 1982) - The Foundations of National Socialism.
- Nietzsche und die moderne Welt (Rome, 1937) - Nietzsche and the Modern World.
- Europas religiöse Zukunft (Rome, 1943) - The Religious Future of Europe.
- Römische Tagebücher. Lebensbeichte eines alten Bischofs (Graz, 1976) - Diaries of Rome. The Confession of Life of an Old Bishop.
Further
reading
- Michael Phayer, "Canonizing Pius XII. Why did the pope help Nazis escape?", Commonweal, May 9, 2003 / Vol. CXXX (9).
- Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Ronald J. Rychlak, Hitler, the War, and the Pope, Revised and Expanded Edition, South Bend, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 2010.
- Robert Katz, Dossier Priebke. Anatomia di un processo, Milano, Rizzoli, 1996.
- Marcus Langer, Alois Hudal, Bischof zwischen Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Versuch eine Biographie (Bishop Alois Hudal : Between Cross and Swastika. Attempt at a biography), PhD thesis, Vienna, 1995.
- Johan Ickx, "The Roman 'non possumus' and the Attitude of Bishop Alois Hudal towards the National Socialist Ideological Aberrations", in: L. Gevers & J. Bank (eds.), Religion under Siege. The Roman Catholic Church in Occupied Europe (1939–1950), I (Annua Nuntia Lovaniensia, 56.1), Löwen, 2008, 315 ff.
- Gerald Steinacher, Nazis on the Run. How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Notes
1. According
to Goñi, Monsignor Petranović "was himself a war criminal and Ustasha
captain who had been deputy to the local Ustasha leader at Ogulin, a district
that saw the extermination of some 2,000 Serbs during the war ... The Monsignor
organized and instigated many of these murders, personally directing the arrest
and execution of 70 prominent Serbs." A request for his extradition by
Yugoslavia "was ignored by the British authorities in 1947"
2.
In 1959-1960, for example, Hudal's
correspondence shows his efforts to obtain an amnesty in Greece and West
Germany
·
In 1949, Hudal was labeled in German
"church circles" as the "brauner Bischof", according to the
German newspapers Nord Press (December 6, 1949, p. 4) and the
above-cited Passauer Neue Press (December 13, 1949, p. 3).
OTHER LINKS:
http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/claims-of-papal-help-for-nazi-war-criminals-verifiably-false/
http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/claims-of-papal-help-for-nazi-war-criminals-verifiably-false/
No comments:
Post a Comment